

Summary :
The emergence of the Achaemenid Empire, the invasions
of Alexander the Great and the nomadic and sedentary civilizations
are described in detail. With the rise of the Graeco-Bactrian
kingdom, the civilizations of Central Asia underwent a fundamental
change through a progressive syncretism between Zoroastrianism,
Buddhism and Greek religions. The Kushan Empire overthrowing
the Parthians in the East gave rise to a rich and prosperous
trade through the Silk Roads linking China to the West.
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Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Description of the project
Mohammad S. Asimov,
President, International Scientific Committee
Members of the International
Scientific Committee
List of
contributors
Introduction
J. Harmatta
Chapter 1
Ancient Iranian nomads in western Central Asia
A. Abetekov and
H. Yusupov
Chapter 2
Media and Achaemenid Iran
M.A. Dandamayev
Chapter 3
Alexander and his successors in Central Asia
A.H. Dani and
P. Bernard
Chapter 4
The Greek kingdoms of Central Asia
P. Bernard
Chapter 5
Parthia
G.A. Koshelenko and
V.N. Pilipko
Chapter 6
Nomads in eastern Central Asia
N. Ishjamts
Chapter 7
The Yüeh-chih and their migrations
K. Enoki,
G.A. Koshelenko and
Z. Haidary
Chapter 8
The Sakas and Indo-Parthians
B.N. Puri
Chapter 9
The culture of the Xinjiang region
Ma Yong and
Wang Binghua
Chapter 10
The Western Regions under the Hsiung-nu and the Han
Ma Yong and
Sun Yutang
Chapter 11
The Kushans
B.N. Puri
Chapter 12
Economy and social system in Central Asia in the Kushan
age A.R. Mukhamedjanov
Chapter 13
Cities and urban life in the Kushan kingdom
B.A. Litvinsky
Chapter 14
Religions in the Kushan Empire J. Harmatta,
with the contributions of B.N.
Puri, L. Lelekov,
S. Humayun and
D.C. Sircar
Chapter 15
Kushan art
G.A. Pugachenkova,
S.R. Dar,
R.C. Sharma and
MA Joyenda, in collaboration
with H. Siddiqi
Chapter 16
Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka kingdoms
J. Harmatta
Chapter 17
Languages and literature in the Kushan Empire
J. Harmatta
Chapter 18
States in north-western Central Asia
N.N. Negmatov
Chapter 19
The nomads of northern Central Asia after the invasion of
Alexander
Y.A. Zadneprovskiy
Chapter 20
The rise of Sasanian Iran
BA Litvinsky, with the
contributions of M. Hussain
Shah and R. Shabani
Samghabadi
Conclusion
J. Harmatta
Maps
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